Danroc, Gilles and Roussire, Daniel, La Rpression au quotidien en Hati (1991-1994), Commission Justice et Paix du diocse des Gonaives (Justice and Peace Commission of the Gonaives diocese), Karthala, , 1995. One of the most brutal secret police forces as well, the Securitate was responsible for monitoring and spying on Romanian citizens, as well as their arrests, tortures and executions. The OCRB became a widely feared secret police and intelligence agency that showed little impunity when it came to those suspected of banditry, and soon the OCRB was essentially deciding at will, without trial, who would be tortured or executed of suspected crimes, guilty or not. Tonton Macoute day was 29 July 1985, and amongst festivities the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. The de-facto regime relied on paramilitary death squads known as FRAPH, which carried out most of the executions and persecution of opponents and alleged opponents. In fact, the killing also had ideological and racial dimensions, as Duvalier relied on a political ideology known as noirisme (Blackism), through which he claimed to promote the black masses against mulatto elites. Hence, the Duvalier dictatorship targeted mulatto sectors of society, seen as prone to political opposition, but also as illegitimate members of the nation. It was one of the most brutal days of the twenty-nine-year rule of Papa Doc and his son, Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. This represented the largest forced disappearance under the Duvaliers. Manigat, Leslie, Eventail dHistoire vivante dHaiti, vol. He came out on to the path and the Tontons Macoute shot him down from a car. It was that of the sleeve designer. The Chief of Police in charge of the raid, Jean Coles Rameau, was extradited from the neighboring Dominican Republic, where he had fled one week after the event. Schmidt, Hans, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1971. 1908 (March 14): At least 27 political opponents or alleged opponents, most of them from the intellectual and social elites, were arrested and executed in the evening of March 14; some were also mutilated. But the torment did not end with the Duvaliers. According to Trouillot (1990: 106), 5,500 people died in forced labor camps. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. 3, pp. Anyone who challenged the VSN risked assassination. These figures were contested by interviewed witnesses. History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). The total number of victims was close to a hundred. The latter believe the massacre was manufactured to be used against President Aristide. Later on the same day, peasants from Guyton and Coligny, assisted by army soldiers from Saint-Marc, Artibonite, travelled to Gervais and carried out further killings in retaliation. 1969 (July 22): Massive execution of left-wing political prisoners, who had been arrested during the previous days and weeks. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition. His wife spent 10,000 a month on flowers and always wore expensive furs indoors - with officials facing death if they forgot to turn on the air-conditioning. For a detailed list of some of the victims of this regime, two victims and academic organizations web sites based in the United States can be consulted (Frre and Fordi9). [from 20th c.] 2011, Kim Ives, The Guardian, 22 March: Every Macoute received a card that afforded him many privileges, like free merchandise from any store he entered, entitlement to coerced sex, and fear and respect from people in general. 1986 (February 7): Dchouquageof the Duvalier regime. According to Pierre-Charles (2000), there were several hundred victims during this year alone. 1967 (June 8): 19 military officers and high-ranking officers were killed in Fort-Dimanche by a firing-squad led by Franois Duvalier himself. For tourists on cruise ships plying the Caribbean, Haiti appears a beguiling, mysterious place. The lynching of Vilbrun Sam provided the pretext for the United States to intervene and occupy Haiti until 1934. Peasants, the Trujillo Regime and Modernity in Dominican History, Stanford, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2003. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. Tonton Macoute, an Album by Tonton Macoute. This religious affiliation gave the Tontons Macoute a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Communiqu de Presse, Port-au-Prince, December 5, 2004. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 22-23 and 103; ICHR, 1992). His cruelty earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean. He often wore a top hat and tails while demanding the skulls of his dead victims were brought to his palace in Port-au-Prince. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Radiographie dune dictature. Their executions were summary and swift, and most often evidence was sparring at best. They are referenced in the Showtime series DEXTER in a fictional storyline. His gang lives on, murdering innocent people and allegedly eating their organs. According to a diocesian commission (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162), which photo-documented the event, the perpetrators were an army unit assisted by armed men acting on behalf of a local landowner. According to local witnesses before the Truth and Peace Commission in 1995, several dead bodies were thrown into a nearby open mass grave dug on the soldiers orders; several youths were then executed after having dug the grave, and thrown into it; other bodies were allegedly carried away by a truck and were disappeared.. The background of the event, the persons responsible for it and the perpetrators seem to remain subject to discussion. In 1986, after the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier, Colonel Regala, who sent the order to execute the Sansericq family, became one of the members of the ruling junta. Jean-Bertrand Aristide had not been sworn in yet when this event took place, and the interim government was led by Mrs. Trouillot, a civilian. Benoit's parents were killed. In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. 3, Port-au-Prince, CUDHAC, 2003. NE 4; Vinyl LP). However, women and children were systematically excluded from repression (even the families of the leaders of the various rebellions against Alexiss regime). The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his son's reign of power. In power from 1957, Papa Doc made voodoo the country's official religion and claimed to be Baron Samedi, the religion's spirit of death. Producer - Tonton Macoute Saxophone [Electric] - Dave Knowles (3) ( tracks: B3) Notes Released in a matt gatefold cover. Most of the victims had lived in the poor neighborhoods of Bel-Air, La Saline and Saint-Martin. Members of Tt Ansanm hid in the brush - some survived, while others were found and slaughtered by the armed brigades. Repression of these movements followed, then an armed rebellion erupted in January and February 2004. From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. There should also be no statute of limitations on memory, whose precarious preservation can sometimes become a hazardous task. 1957 (June 15-16): The Haitian army killed between several hundred (Leconte, 1999) and three thousand (Pierre-Charles, 1973) supporters of President Fignol -- who was popular among the disenfranchised sectors of the capital city -- after having overthrown him and forced him into exile. About fifty Ougans and Mambos (priests and priestesses of the Voodoo religion) were killed for their links or alleged links with the Duvalier regime. Laraque, Paul and Frank, Hati, la lutte et lespoir, Montreal, CIDIHCA, 2003. 4.00. Although the event was investigated by several prominent journalists and the human rights group National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), its existence remains controversial and supporters of Aristide (who was President at the time), as well as the media in favor of him, deny it ever took place. Renda, Mary, Taking Haiti, Military Occupation and the Culture of US Imperialism, 1915-1940, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2001. Furthermore, on December 5, US air forces bombed the port of the city of Les Cayes, in the South of the country, one day before the December 6 killing, in order to intimidate the population. At the time they were disbanded, in February 1986, there were several thousand macoutes around the country. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. "The Tonton Macoutes" by Bernard Diederich. 2004 (February 11): Event known as the massacre de la scierie. Fifty individuals, members of an anti-Aristide peoples organization known as RAMSICOM (sometimes spelled RAMICOS) were allegedly killed in the Scierie neighborhood of Saint-Marc by chimres(members of an illegal, armed pro-Aristide group) led by an organization known as Bal Wouz, whose leader, Amanus Mayette, was then a member of the Haitian Parliament. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. Executions, most of which probably occurred during periods of open resistance to occupation, from July to November 1915 and again in 1919, seem very much alive in Haitian collective memory. In 1920, during hearings held by the US Navy, Lavoie was accused of this by other US officers. 1937 (October): In the neighboring Dominican Republic, dictator Trujillo ordered the slaughter of 17,000 to 20,000 Haitian migrants and Dominicans of Haitian origin by the Dominican army (the conventional number in the Dominican Republic is 17,000, although Saez (1988: 60) puts it at 20,000 ; Turits (2002: 590) calculated a total of 15,000 killed). _ The racism of the US Marines, most of whom were from the South of the United States (particularly Louisiana and Alabama), has been presented as a factor in the indiscriminate killings of niggers who pretend to speak French (in the words of a US general). 1986 (January 31): Army soldiers led by Colonel Samuel Jrmie killed nearly one hundred people in Logane (Southwest of Port-au-Prince) during a demonstration of peasants who were (prematurely) celebrating the departure into exile of Jean-Claude Duvalier. Two years before the end of his mandate, President Aristide was destabilized by repeated, massive demonstrations led by student organizations since the end of 2002. Papa Docs regime, the more brutal of the two, is said to be responsible for 30,000 to 50,000 assassinations and executions. His house was set on fire, with a seven-month-old baby inside. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997; Americas Watch, 1991). The approximate number of civilians and unarmed combatants killed during the civil war remains unknown but, according to historian Roger Gaillard, the peasants paid a heavy price.. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 81; United Nations, 2000: 9). sword and fairy 7 how to change language. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: Chapter V, b; Americas Watch, 1991: 4). During the trial, the court heard that during the 28 years they ruled Haiti, the Duvaliers. [9][11] They began to be called the Tonton Macoute when people started to disappear for no apparent reason. [2][5][6] 1969 (April 14): About 30 young members of the Haitian Communist party, imprisoned in Fort-Dimanche, were executed outside the prison. "But we -- the thirty listed in the complaint -- are not the only ones," Montas stresses. Wearing their trademark mirrored sunglasses and designer T-shirts, these murderers and cannibals were named after a terrifying bogeyman from Haitian mythology, who carried off naughty children into slavery. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used with the intention of instilling fear and respect. Those with the misfortune to be born in Haiti - part of the island of Hispaniola, shared with the Dominican Republic - have long endured a living hell. Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). [4] Aristide, who had survived at least six attempts on his life after a fiery 1985 Mass had helped spark the unrest which eventually led to the 1986 overthrow of the dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier,[5] was evacuated from the church into a residence inside the church compound. Dahomay, Jacky, La Tentation tyrannique hatienne, Chemins Critiques, vol. Fifteen of them, including some journalists covering the event, were mowed down in hail of bullets by Duvalier loyalists. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1990-1991, Organization of American States (OAS), General Secretariat, Washington, D.C., 1991. Michle Montas feels the same urgency in commemorating April 26 this year. Cattle was killed or taken away by looting soldiers. Keyboardist/vocalist Paul French reemerged at decade's end with art-rockers Voyager, which issued three albums between 1979 and 1981. According to press reports, Bal Wouz terrorized the inhabitants of the area with the consent of the local police on that day. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his sons reign of power. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. The court of assize immediately sentenced Desyr to death. Second only to Stalins secret police force, Hitlers Gestapo terrorized Nazi Germany for 13 years, acting as the main tool of oppressing dissent against the Nazi regime, as the primary force that initially terrorized and rounded up the Jews and latera leading player in the Holocaust. Macoutes) A member of the Tonton Macoutes in Haiti; by extension, a thug or criminal. 1919 (January): 19 Caco prisoners were executed in Hinche on US Captain Lavoies orders. Le Grand fauve, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince 1995. Trained in part by the CIA, SAVAK was an extremely repressive police force in a society that dealt with dissidents swiftly. Mission Civile Internationale en Hati (MICIVIH), Rapport Trimestriel avril-juin 1999, Port-au-Prince, 1999. Others will decide not to commemorate at all. By 1572, fearing that the power of the Oprichniki had reached heights the Tsar could no longer control, Ivan forced the group to disband, making it a crime to even utter their name. The "Tonton Macoutes" often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. _ *** (NCHR, 1986: 18-19; Human Rights Watch, 1996). On January 17, the Section Chief (a local official) and his subordinates killed a peasant while executing the Judges arrest order. His goal, he said, was to prevent "this dark chapter in history from repeating itself.". Successive dictators have raped, murdered and even reputedly eaten their enemies. After 15 more years of bloodshed and oppression, the people finally rose up in 1986 and Baby Doc was forced to flee into exile in France. Former Tonton Macoutes Sentenced to Death for 1965 Killings PIERRE-YVES GLASS February 12, 1987 PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) _ A former member of the Duvalier family's private army has been sentenced to death for killing three people by firing a machine gun into a Carnival party in 1965, a court official said Thursday. [1] Those who spoke out against Duvalier would disappear at night, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. A four-year child, Stphane Sansericq, was tortured in front of his relatives before being killed. (No subsequent reports from international human rights organizations mention this killing). The Oprichnikis methods of torture and execution ranged from impalement, boiling victims alive, roasting them over an open flame and even drawing and quartering them. [7][20][21] Even their title of Tonton Macoute was embedded in Haitian lore of a bogeyman who took children away in his satchel or his Makoute. Haitians named this force after the Haitian Creole . With Andrea Fantauzzi, Aimee Zannoni, Esteban Dager, Edem Atsu-Swanzy. tonton macoute massacre. Other individuals were killed in the street or while driving their car. A member of the Tonton Macoutes in Haiti; by extension, a thug or criminal. _ *** (Michel, 1998: 36-42; Gaillard, 1973: 87-99). He collected blood from prisoners who had been tortured and killed and sold it for $22 a pint to U.S. health groups. Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. For a detailed list of the most emblematic individuals responsible for executions and killings committed by macoutesand the military, see Pierre-Charles (2000: 45-49). 1991 (January 7): In Port-au-Prince, mobs of civilians supporting President-elect Aristide chased and killed macoutes, alleged macoutes and other supporters and alleged supporters of the Duvalier regime, after a failed coup attempt led by chief macoutes and former government minister Roger Lafontant. The most infamous of these killers is the Cannibal Gang, a group of sadists once led by a former prisoner with political aspirations, who was himself shot in the eyes and had his heart cut out in 2004. Several families were entirely wiped out. There should be no statute of limitations on the disappeared.". Hurbon, Laennec, Comprendre Hati, Karthala, , 1987. Filan, Kenaz (2007). 1987 (July 29): Army soldiers fired on a crowd protesting against the armys celebration of the anniversary of the foundation of the macoutes. Baby Doc, his deranged son, took over and continued the terror. The strikers were part of a broader movement for democracy. The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded tropical forests. The first six were adolescents. The dysfunctional Haitian judicial system, plagued with incompetence and the lack of resources, was unable to carry out and conclude its investigation of this event. Tradues em contexto de "massacre 11" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Skip to the part where you convince him to massacre 11 people. Martissant, des Tontons Macoutes aux gangs arms - Le Nouvelliste Premier crasement du Cacoisme, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. The few -- like Montas, who was arrested on Jean Claude Duvalier's orders, on November 28, 1980 -- who have been able to file complaints or testify, represent a small percentage of those who were arrested, jailed, tortured, or killed under the younger's Duvalier regime. Dexter (television series) Season 1 Episode 9 (Father Knows Best) references Tonton Macoute, also referring to them as"The Boogymen". Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). Shortly afterwards, peasants from Gervais avenged this by killing the Section Chiefs subordinates. [citation needed], In 1985 the United States began to shut down funds to Haitian aid, cutting nearly a million dollars from it within a year. On April 21, 2005, the Cour de Cassation (the highest court in the country) invalidated this judgment; the court based its ruling on a 1928 law that prohibited trial by jury for multiple crimes, although this very law had already been nullified by the 1987 Constitution. Love words? The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. The SAVAK was the Shah of Irans secret police force from 1957 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Le tonton macoute tait assis seul une table, devant une bouteille de rhum et un verre moiti plein. [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). General Kebreau, who was responsible for the killings, was nicknamed General Thompson, in reference to the automatic weapons used by his soldiers. 1991 (October 2): Thirty civilians were killed by army soldiers in a single day in Cit Soleil, a shantytown of Port-au-Prince known for harboring many supporters of President Aristide, in retaliation for an attack against a local police station. [14] In 1971, President Duvalier died[15] and his widow Simone, and son Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier ordered Cambronne into exile. They were taken from Fort-Dimanche and executed, at night, in Ganthier, a village Northeast of Port-au-Prince, and then thrown into a mass grave. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Hati Jamais Plus! He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN). The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout)[1][2][3] or simply the Macoute[4][5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. His son, Baby Doc, then replaced him and ruled until 1986. In addition, 82 houses had been looted and torched. Those who had been arrested were threatened at the prison. Haiti, April 26, 1963: Some will commemorate this date with religious services, conferences, radio forums, film screenings, and testimonials. Furthermore, Santebal was a major instrument of the Cambodian genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge. The democratically elected President Aristide ruled from 1994 to January 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. Several of the persons responsible for the killing (prison guards and soldiers) were tried and acquitted in July 1917. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). At the same period, locals had been embroiled in a tax dispute and had refused to pay taxes on the sale of agricultural products, which had alienated the Duvalier regime further. Murdaugh is heckled as he leaves court, Ken Bruce finishes his 30-year tenure as host of BBC Radio 2, Ukrainian soldier takes out five tanks with Javelin missiles, Family of a 10-month-old baby filmed vaping open up, Missing hiker buried under snow forces arm out to wave to helicopter, Hershey's Canada releases HER for SHE bars featuring a trans activist, Moment teenager crashes into back of lorry after 100mph police race. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that's only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary.. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with:. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. This killing was allegedly carried out in retaliation for the burning of an army lieutenants home in the area during the night of October 1. Rural people were crushed.". 1902 (September 17): 10 disarmed peasants from the government forces were killed on orders of the pro-Firmin general Laborde Corvoisier after a battle in Limb (in the North of the country).