), 249.929 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Vietnam gdp for 2019 was $334.37B, a 7.82% increase from 2018. Following a brief Chinese occupation in the early 1400s, the leader of Vietnamese resistance, LE Thai To, made himself emperor and established the Le Dynasty, which lasted until the late 18th century, although not without decades of political turmoil, civil war, and division. )note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions, -$3.812 billion (2021 est. . News article summaries are extracted from their sources, as guided by fair-use principles and are copyrighted by their respective sources. )carbon dioxide emissions: 192.67 megatons (2016 est. Ancient Vietnam was centered on the Red River Valley and was under Han Chinese rule until approximately the 10th century. )exports: 902,000 metric tons (2020 est. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 103,500 bbl/day (2018 est. Site users are encouraged to do additional research in support of their activities and to share the results of that research with our team, contact us to further improve the site accuracy. In, IMF. ), definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 95.8%male: 97%female: 94.6% (2019), total: 7.2%male: 7.1%female: 7.5% (2021 est. IN the mid-1990s, Indonesia passed us in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and despite being affected more by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, continued to put more distance between us and them. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? However, ODM cannot guarantee accuracy, completeness or reliability from third party sources in every instance. Vietnam's gross domestic product expanded 5.92% yoy in Q4 of 2022, much slower than a marginally revised 13.71% growth in Q3 and pointing to the fifth straight quarter of expansion, flash data showed. Fighting erupted between the two governments shortly afterwards with the North supporting communist rebels in the South and eventually committing thousands of combat troops, while the US provided large amounts of economic and military assistance, including combat forces, to the South. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off 20 years of civil war. )2.39% (2020 est. ), electrification - total population: 100% (2019), installed generating capacity: 65.283 million kW (2020 est. ", CafeF, Breakdown of gross domestic product (GDP) in Vietnam in 2021, by province Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1326834/vietnam-gdp-contribution-by-province/ (last visited March 04, 2023), Breakdown of gross domestic product (GDP) in Vietnam in 2021, by province [Graph], CafeF, June 16, 2022. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. ), total: 24.8% (2020 est. GDP per capita (constant LCU) Vietnam. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a cease-fire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. H Ch Minh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi ng Nai nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bnh Dng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Hi Phng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bc Ninh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi B RaVng Tu nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Thanh Ha nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Qung Ninh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Ngh An nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Hi Dng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Cn Th nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Long An nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Thi Nguyn nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t - x hi nm 2018 Vnh Phc", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Qung Nam nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Nng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bc Giang nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Kin Giang nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Tin Giang nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi k Lk nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Lm ng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Khnh Ha nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bnh nh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi ng Thp nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Qung Ngi nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Ty Ninh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Thi Bnh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Gia Lai nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Hng Yn nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi H Tnh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bnh Thun nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Nam nh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Ph Th nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bnh Phc nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi C Mau nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Sc Trng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Tha Thin - Hu nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Sn La nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Ninh Bnh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Vnh Long nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Tr Vinh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi H Nam nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Lo Cai nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bn Tre nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Ha Bnh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bc Liu nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Ph Yn nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Qung Bnh nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Lng Sn nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Hu Giang nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi k Nng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Tuyn Quang nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Qung Tr nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Yn Bi nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Ninh Thun nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi H Giang nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Kon Tum nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi in Bin nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Lai Chu nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Cao Bng nm 2018", "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi Bc Kn nm 2018", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vietnamese_subdivisions_by_GDP&oldid=1115194441, This page was last edited on 10 October 2022, at 07:23. The provinces are divided into provincial cities, towns, and rural districts as the second-tier units. The aftermath of the Vietnam War in 1975 resulted in an outpouring of approximately 1.6 million Vietnamese refugees over the next two decades. Between 1975 and 1997, programs such as the Orderly Departure Program and the Comprehensive Plan of Action resettled hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese refugees abroad, including the United States (880,000), China (260,000, mainly ethnic Chinese Hoa), Canada (160,000), Australia (155,000), and European countries (150,000)., 0-14 years: 23.44% (male 12,975,791/female 11,593,157)15-64 years: 68.69% (male 36,280,449/female 35,705,586)65 years and over: 7.87% (2023 est.) ), total: 14.42 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 14.76 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 14.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. With such rapid economic growth, the country grew from one of the poorest countries in the world to a comfortably middle-income one. Vietnam set out economic indicators for the period of 2016 - 2020: "5-year average economic growth rate shall reach 6.5 - 7%/year. It also analyses the growth path . )expenditures: $69.37 billion (2017 est. Members of People's Council are called delegates or councillors (i biu) and are elected by people living within that province. (approximately $9.85 billion), information is limited and varied; estimated 450,000 active-duty troops (390,000 ground; 30,000 naval; 30,000 air); estimated 40,000 Border Defense Force and Coast Guard (2022), the PAVN is armed largely with weapons and equipment from Russia and the former Soviet Union; in recent years, Russia has remained the most important supplier of newer PAVN military equipment, but Vietnam has diversified arms purchases to include more than a dozen other countries including Israel, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US; Vietnam has a limited domestic defense industry (2022), 18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service for men and women (in practice only men are drafted); service obligation is between 24 (Army, Air Defense) and 36 (Navy and Air Force) months (2022), the PAVN is the military arm of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and responsible to the Central Military Commission (CMC), the highest party organ on military policy; the CMC is led by the CPV General Secretary (2023), the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; the number of reported incidents decreased from four in 2020 to one in 2021, Vietnam-Cambodia: Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; issues include casinos built in Cambodia near the border, narcotics trafficking, trafficking of women and children, petrol smuggling, illegal logging, and illegal migration; progress on a joint development area with Cambodia is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; in December 2021, leaders from the two countries agreed to fully complete the remaining border demarcation and the upgrading of border checkpoints, Vietnam-Cambodia-Laos: Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities, Vietnam-China: an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; small territorial exchanges were made during the demarcation; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; cross border trafficking in women and children and illegal wildlife trade are problems along this border; In December 2021, China tightened its border controls over COVID concerns, restricting an important trade route for Vietnam, Vietnam-Laos: Laos opened a strategically important international border crossing with Vietnam in 2021, which will shorten the distance for goods and people transiting between Thailand and Vietnam, stateless persons: 35,475 (2022); note - Vietnam's stateless ethnic Chinese Cambodian population dates to the 1970s when thousands of Cambodians fled to Vietnam to escape the Khmer Rouge and were no longer recognized as Cambodian citizens; Vietnamese women who gave up their citizenship to marry foreign men have found themselves stateless after divorcing and returning home to Vietnam; the government addressed this problem in 2009, and Vietnamese women are beginning to reclaim their citizenship, tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List Vietnam does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts include providing trafficking victims the right to legal representation in judicial proceedings, increasing the amount of shelter time for victims by one month, providing financial support, continuing large-scale awareness campaigns in vulnerable communities and to workers going overseas, and training law enforcement; however, fewer victims were identified or assisted and procedures remained slow and ineffective; provincial officials unfamiliar with anti-trafficking law impede anti-trafficking efforts; labor recruitment firms extorted illegal high fees from workers looking for overseas employment putting them at risk for forced labor; no investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of officials complicit in trafficking offenses were made (2020)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Vietnam, and traffickers exploit Vietnamese abroad; Vietnamese men and women who migrate abroad for work may be subject to exploitation and illegally high fees from recruiters trapping them in debt bondage; traffickers subject victims to forced labor in construction, fishing, agriculture, mining, maritime industries, logging, and manufacturing, primarily in Taiwan, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Laos, Japan, and to a lesser extent, some parts of Europe and the UK; traffickers mislead Vietnamese women and children with fraudulent employment opportunities and sex traffick them to brothels on the borders of China, Cambodia, Laos, and elsewhere in Asia; traffickers use the Internet, gaming sites, and particularly social media to lure victims; domestic traffickers are sometimes family members or small-scale networks exploiting Vietnamese men, women, and children - including street children and children with disabilities - in forced labor as street beggars or in brick kilns and mines; child sex tourists from elsewhere in Asia and other countries exploit children; prisoners reportedly are forced to work in agriculture, manufacturing, and hazardous industries, such as cashew processing, transshipment point for transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) trafficking heroin, crystal methamphetamine, and ketamine throughout East Asia and the Pacific; approximately 90% of the illicit drugs in the country originate in Laos, Burma, and Thailand, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). Please do not hesitate to contact me. "Tnh hnh kinh t, x hi TP. June 16, 2022. ), rice, vegetables, sugar cane, cassava, maize, pork, fruit, bananas, coffee, coconuts, food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mobile phones, agriculture: 40.3%industry: 25.7%services: 34% (2017), 2.17% (2021 est. There are a significant number of ethnic minorities in the region. Keep it up! Vietnam ranks 3rd in GDP 2023. Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi, Council for National Defense and Security, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam), "Growth that works for all: Viet Nam Human Development Report 2015 on Inclusive Growth", "Bac Giang: The population surpassed 1.8 million", "Tng dn s ca tnh Bc Kn l trn 313.900 ngi", "Hi ngh trc tuyn cng b kt qu s b tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Cng b kt qu s b Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Trc tuyn cng b kt qu s b tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Hi ngh tng kt Tng iu tra dn s v nh 2019", "Tng kt iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Tnh n ngy 1-4-2019: Tng s dn ca Vit Nam hn 96,2 triu ngi", "V tr a l - a hnh - a gii hnh chnh ca tnh Yn Bi", "Kt qu s b tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Tng kt cng tc tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Tng kt Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Hi ngh trc tuyn cng b kt qu s b Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Hi ngh tng kt tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Hi ngh trc tuyn cng b kt qu s b cuc Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Truyn thng v cng tc dn s trong tnh hnh mi trn a bn huyn M Lc", "Hi ngh tng kt cuc Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019 trn a bn tnh Ninh Bnh", "Bo co Kt qu s b Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019-tnh Vnh Phc", "Tng kt cng tc Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Dn s thnh ph Hi Phng thi im 0 gi ngy01/4/2019 l 2.028.514 ngi", "Cn tng cng s lnh o ca cc cp u ng trong cng tc Bnh ng gii v V s tin b ca ph n", "Hi ngh trc tuyn ton quc cng b kt qu s b Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Hi ngh tng kt cng tc iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Thua Thien Hue province ranks 5th among 63 provinces/cities country-wide in the 2019 Population and Housing Census", "Quy m dn s k Lk ng u khu vc Ty Nguyn", "T l tng dn s c kim sot, nh c ci thin", "Gia Lai: Tng kt cng tc Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Hi ngh tng kt cng tc tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Bnh Thun hon thnh 100% cuc tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Ninh Thun t chc Hi ngh "Tng kt Tng iu tra Dn s v nh nm 2019", "Cuc tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019 thnh cng tt p", "Hi ngh tng iu tra dn s v nh tnh Qung Nam nm 2019", "Qung Ngi tng kt cng tc Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Cng b kt qu Tng iu tra Dn s v nh ti Nng", "Hi ngh trc tuyn ton quc cng b kt qu s b tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Bnh Dng tng kt cng tc Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Kt qu s b Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Tng kt cng tc iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "TPHCM cng b kt qu s b "Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Cng b kt qu Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Dn s Vit Nam ng th 3 trong khu vc ng Nam ", "Kin Giang: Sm thnh lp Khoa Lo khoa gip chm sc tt hn sc khe cho ngi cao tui", "Tnh n 0 gi ngy 01/4/2019: Tng s dn ca Long An l 1.688.547 ngi", "Hi ngh tng kt Tng iu tra dn s v nh nm 2019", "Dn s Tin Giang nm 2019 l 1.764.185 ngi", "T chc trin khai thc hin r sot, x l d liu trn phn mm qun l h gia nh", "10 nm: quy m dn s Vnh Long c bn n nh", Table of administrative divisions by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Vietnam&oldid=1135500162, First-level administrative divisions by country, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, contains inland provinces in the west of Vietnam's northern part. This paper is the first application of Phillips & Sul's (2007, 2009)'s approach to the examination inequality in GDP per capita in a study of 61 Vietnamese provinces covering the period 1990-2011. ), China 35%, South Korea 18%, Japan 6% (2019), integrated circuits, telephones, refined petroleum, textiles, semiconductors (2019), $109.371 billion (31 December 2021 est. The Chairman and Vice Chairmen of the People's Committee are also councillors of the People's Council. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set ), 15.29 births/1,000 population (2023 est. The following is a table of Vietnam's provinces broken down by population and area, January 2023, based . Vietnam's THE as a percentage of GDP is comparable to that of . note: data are in current year dollars$290.229 billion (2020 est.) Industry and construction sector is estimated to increase by 3.85%, contributing 0.87 percentage points to the GRDP increase. The Ly Dynasty (11th-13th century) ruled the first independent Vietnamese state, which was known as Dai Viet, and established their capital at Thang Long (Hanoi). )solar: 2.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est. ), Mekong river mouth (shared with China [s], Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia) - 4,350 km; Pearl river source (shared with China [m]) - 2,200 km; Red river mouth (shared with China [s]) - 1,149 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth, Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km), though it has one of the highest population densities in the world, the population is not evenly dispersed; clustering is heaviest along the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, with the Mekong Delta (in the south) and the Red River Valley (in the north) having the largest concentrations of people, occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta, note 1: extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across at its narrowest point note 2: Son Doong in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is the world's largest cave (greatest cross sectional area) and is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume; it currently measures a total of 38.5 million cu m (about 1.35 billion cu ft); it connects to Thung cave (but not yet officially); when recognized, it will add an additional 1.6 million cu m in volume; Son Doong is so massive that it contains its own jungle, underground river, and localized weather system; clouds form inside the cave and spew out from its exits and two dolines (openings (sinkhole skylights) created by collapsed ceilings that allow sunlight to stream in), noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)adjective: Vietnamese, Kinh (Viet) 85.3%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.9%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.4%, Mong 1.4%, Nung 1.1%, other 5.5% (2019 est. Materials on the Open Development Mekong (ODM) website and its accompanying database are compiled from publicly available documentation and provided without fee for general informational purposes only. Two provinces border Cambodia. They all stretch from the coast in the east to. On the first tier, Vietnam is divided into fifty-eight provinces (tnh) and five municipalities under the command of the central government (Vietnamese: thnh ph trc thuc trung ng). ), number of registered air carriers: 5 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 224annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 47,049,671 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 481.37 million (2018) mt-km, total: 38over 3,047 m: 102,438 to 3,047 m: 61,524 to 2,437 m: 13914 to 1,523 m: 9 (2021), total: 71,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 3under 914 m: 3 (2021), 72 km condensate, 398 km condensate/gas, 955 km gas, 128 km oil, 33 km oil/gas/water, 206 km refined products, 13 km water (2013), total: 2,600 km (2014)standard gauge: 178 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge; 253 km mixed gaugenarrow gauge: 2,169 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge, total: 195,468 km (2013)paved: 148,338 km (2013)unpaved: 47,130 km (2013), 47,130 km (2011) (30,831 km weight under 50 tons), total: 1,926by type: bulk carrier 116, container ship 41, general cargo 1,193, oil tanker 125, other 451 (2021), major seaport(s): Cam Pha Port, Da Nang, Haiphong, Phu My, Quy Nhoncontainer port(s) (TEUs): Saigon (7,956,133), Cai Mep (5,385,289), Haiphong (5,695,839) (2021)river port(s): Ho Chi Minh (Mekong), People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; aka Vietnam People's Army, VPA): Ground Forces, Navy (includes naval infantry), Air Force and Air Defense, Border Defense Force, and Vietnam Coast Guard; Vietnam People's Public Security Ministry; Vietnam Civil Defense Force (2022)note 1: the Public Security Ministry is responsible for internal security and controls the national police, a special national security investigative agency, and other internal security units, including specialized riot police regimentsnote 2: the Vietnam Coast Guard was established in 1998 as the Vietnam Marine Police and renamed in 2013; Vietnam officially established a maritime self-defense force (civilian militia) in 2010 after the National Assembly passed the Law on Militia and Self-Defense Forces in 2009; the Vietnam Fisheries Resources Surveillance (VFRS), established in 2013, is responsible for patrolling, monitoring for fishing violations, and carrying out fishery inspections; it is armed, allowed to use force if necessary, and works in tandem with the Vietnam Coast Guard, 2.4% of GDP (2021 est. Increased tourism has also become a key component of economic growth. When Vietnam was reunified in 1975, the country had a youthful age structure and a high fertility rate. The population growth rate slowed dramatically during the next 25 years, as fertility declined and infant mortality and life expectancy improved. The countrys adoption of a one-or-two-child policy in 1988 led to increased rates of contraception and abortion. The total fertility rate dropped rapidly from nearly 5 in 1979 to 2.1 or replacement level in 1990, and at 1.8 is below replacement level today. Fertility is higher in the more rural central highlands and northern uplands, which are inhabited primarily by poorer ethnic minorities, and is lower among the majority Kinh, ethnic Chinese, and a few other ethnic groups, particularly in urban centers. With more than two-thirds of the population of working age (15-64), Vietnam has the potential to reap a demographic dividend for approximately three decades (between 2010 and 2040). However, its ability to do so will depend on improving the quality of education and training for its workforce and creating jobs. The Vietnamese Government is also considering changes to the countrys population policy because if the countrys fertility rate remains below replacement level, it could lead to a worker shortage in the future. )government consumption: 6.5% (2017 est.